Agro-Industrial Food Waste as a Low-Cost Substrate for Sustainable Production of Industrial Enzymes: A Critical Review

The grave environmental, social, and economic concerns over the unprecedented exploitation of non-renewable energy resources have drawn attention policy makers research organizations towards sustainable use agro-industrial food crop wastes. Enzymes are versatile biocatalysts with immense potential to transform industry lignocellulosic biorefineries. Microbial enzymes offer cleaner greener solutions produce fine chemicals compounds. production industrially important from abundantly present waste offers for commercial value-added chemicals. recent developments in biocatalytic systems designed either increase catalytic capability or create new distinctive properties. limitations low efficiency enzyme denaturation ambient conditions can be mitigated by employing diverse inexpensive immobilization carriers, such as agro-food based materials, biopolymers, nanomaterials. Moreover, revolutionary protein engineering tools help designing constructing tailored improved substrate specificity, activity, stability, reaction product inhibition. This review discusses essential industrial trash application low-cost approaches development.